The Providence of New Mexico in the Kingdom of New Spain- 18th Century by Virginia Olmsted; Denver '84 Tape; The History of the NM settlement 5 ships 600 men on 6/27/1527 when Charles V authorized to occupy, conquer, and colonize what is now Florida, but expedition failed- some fashioned rafts and made their way until beached near what is now known as Galveston, TX. Made way through Rio Grande valley and Gila River trying to get to Mexico City. They heard tales of the pueblos in West Texas and New Mexico and came to Mexico City with the story of the 7 Cities of Cibola in 1536. Mendoza wished to find it- set up faux missionary expedition. Fry Marcos and other Franciscan friars went with up a Moor slave named Estebanito in 1539 because he had been up near Cibola. They stumbled upon Zuni pueblo towns, and the Zuni killed Estebanito. These were the fabled "gold" cities, and once Fry Marcos heard of Estebanito's death, claimed the land as his sovereign, and went back to Mexico City with tales that these towns truly were made of gold (which was false). In 1540 Coronado received permission from the Viceroy to set off with an expedition to get to these cities of gold after hearing Fry Marcos' tale in Mexico City. Mines of Northern Mexico were vital to settlements of New Spain. Colonization of this remote area seemed mandatory to the Spanish Empire- these expeditions under Onate started 10-20 years before Jamestown and Plymouth. By the time the United States acquired this area, the border included Arizona, Colorado south of the Arkansas border. Before that, the Spanish Empire held all the way through El Paso del Norte- all the way over to Arizona and included the Hopi Pueblos land. When Onate came over, he had 129 soldier colonists- left San Bartolome in Mexico in 1598. Followed Rio Grande from the El Paso crossing and by July 11 reached Oche on the east banks of the Rio Grande River- they renamed this town San Juan de los Cabeleros (?). San Gabriel founded months later- the Native Americans came into pledges of allegiance to Onate and (very likely not knowing the consequences or meanings) agreed to be baptized into the Catholic Church. Exploratory missions to find Cibola to as far as Kansas and the Colorado River and visited Zuni and Hopi pueblos. "Onate 1605 Paso Por Aqui" was scratched near present day Grants by Onate. 1670 Onate turned in his resignation, and the other settler also threatened to leave the colony. New governor was appointed and the first villa in Santa Fe named Capital City in 1608. St. Augustine was first colony settlement in the continental US border in 1556, Jamestown second in 1607, and Santa Fe the third in 1608. Española- someone who had Spanish ancestory who was born in New Spain. Indio- someone who had pure Spanish blood. Mestizo- Spanish and Mexican-Indian ancestry. Poyote- Spanish and Pueblo Indian ancestry (later was used to refer to a mixture of Spanish and other European ancestry; at time of recording, refers to the mixture of Spanish and Anglo ancestry). Mulato- Spanish and Black ancestry. Lobo- Black and Pueblo Indian ancestry. No "color" lines in early New Mexico and biracial marriages were frequent. 143 established families before the Pueblo Revolt. During 17th century, in Mexico and New Mexico. 2800 Spanish population in NM 1670. Church/State battle divided the Spaniards and mystified and disheartened the peace-loving Pueblo Indians. 1680 Pueblo Revolt is result of a century of class and culture clash between the colonists and the Native Americans present in New Mexico under Spanish control. Spanish exodus started on August 6th, 1680 as the Spanish had been massacred and some escaped down near the El Paso area. Marital investigations started in 1693- these were the basis of Father Chavez's work of origins of New Mexico families translated and indexed called "New Mexico Roots Limited"- 9 volumes at UNM. In 18th Century, Fry Chavez lists 277 distinct families as New Mexico settlers. Genealogy; MP3 Converted, undated

The Providence of New Mexico in the Kingdom of New Spain- 18th Century by Virginia Olmsted; Denver '84 Tape; The History of the NM settlement 5 ships 600 men on 6/27/1527 when Charles V authorized to occupy, conquer, and colonize what is now Florida, but expedition failed- some fashioned rafts and made their way until beached near what is now known as Galveston, TX. Made way through Rio Grande valley and Gila River trying to get to Mexico City. They heard tales of the pueblos in West Texas and New Mexico and came to Mexico City with the story of the 7 Cities of Cibola in 1536. Mendoza wished to find it- set up faux missionary expedition. Fry Marcos and other Franciscan friars went with up a Moor slave named Estebanito in 1539 because he had been up near Cibola. They stumbled upon Zuni pueblo towns, and the Zuni killed Estebanito. These were the fabled "gold" cities, and once Fry Marcos heard of Estebanito's death, claimed the land as his sovereign, and went back to Mexico City with tales that these towns truly were made of gold (which was false). In 1540 Coronado received permission from the Viceroy to set off with an expedition to get to these cities of gold after hearing Fry Marcos' tale in Mexico City. Mines of Northern Mexico were vital to settlements of New Spain. Colonization of this remote area seemed mandatory to the Spanish Empire- these expeditions under Onate started 10-20 years before Jamestown and Plymouth. By the time the United States acquired this area, the border included Arizona, Colorado south of the Arkansas border. Before that, the Spanish Empire held all the way through El Paso del Norte- all the way over to Arizona and included the Hopi Pueblos land. When Onate came over, he had 129 soldier colonists- left San Bartolome in Mexico in 1598. Followed Rio Grande from the El Paso crossing and by July 11 reached Oche on the east banks of the Rio Grande River- they renamed this town San Juan de los Cabeleros (?). San Gabriel founded months later- the Native Americans came into pledges of allegiance to Onate and (very likely not knowing the consequences or meanings) agreed to be baptized into the Catholic Church. Exploratory missions to find Cibola to as far as Kansas and the Colorado River and visited Zuni and Hopi pueblos. "Onate 1605 Paso Por Aqui" was scratched near present day Grants by Onate. 1670 Onate turned in his resignation, and the other settler also threatened to leave the colony. New governor was appointed and the first villa in Santa Fe named Capital City in 1608. St. Augustine was first colony settlement in the continental US border in 1556, Jamestown second in 1607, and Santa Fe the third in 1608. Española- someone who had Spanish ancestory who was born in New Spain. Indio- someone who had pure Spanish blood. Mestizo- Spanish and Mexican-Indian ancestry. Poyote- Spanish and Pueblo Indian ancestry (later was used to refer to a mixture of Spanish and other European ancestry; at time of recording, refers to the mixture of Spanish and Anglo ancestry). Mulato- Spanish and Black ancestry. Lobo- Black and Pueblo Indian ancestry. No "color" lines in early New Mexico and biracial marriages were frequent. 143 established families before the Pueblo Revolt. During 17th century, in Mexico and New Mexico. 2800 Spanish population in NM 1670. Church/State battle divided the Spaniards and mystified and disheartened the peace-loving Pueblo Indians. 1680 Pueblo Revolt is result of a century of class and culture clash between the colonists and the Native Americans present in New Mexico under Spanish control. Spanish exodus started on August 6th, 1680 as the Spanish had been massacred and some escaped down near the El Paso area. Marital investigations started in 1693- these were the basis of Father Chavez's work of origins of New Mexico families translated and indexed called "New Mexico Roots Limited"- 9 volumes at UNM. In 18th Century, Fry Chavez lists 277 distinct families as New Mexico settlers. Genealogy; MP3 Converted, undated, Box: 1. Albuquerque Bernalillo County Special Collections Library.

The Providence of New Mexico in the Kingdom of New Spain- 18th Century by Virginia Olmsted; Denver '84 Tape; The History of the NM settlement 5 ships 600 men on 6/27/1527 when Charles V authorized to occupy, conquer, and colonize what is now Florida, but expedition failed- some fashioned rafts and made their way until beached near what is now known as Galveston, TX. Made way through Rio Grande valley and Gila River trying to get to Mexico City. They heard tales of the pueblos in West Texas and New Mexico and came to Mexico City with the story of the 7 Cities of Cibola in 1536. Mendoza wished to find it- set up faux missionary expedition. Fry Marcos and other Franciscan friars went with up a Moor slave named Estebanito in 1539 because he had been up near Cibola. They stumbled upon Zuni pueblo towns, and the Zuni killed Estebanito. These were the fabled "gold" cities, and once Fry Marcos heard of Estebanito's death, claimed the land as his sovereign, and went back to Mexico City with tales that these towns truly were made of gold (which was false). In 1540 Coronado received permission from the Viceroy to set off with an expedition to get to these cities of gold after hearing Fry Marcos' tale in Mexico City. Mines of Northern Mexico were vital to settlements of New Spain. Colonization of this remote area seemed mandatory to the Spanish Empire- these expeditions under Onate started 10-20 years before Jamestown and Plymouth. By the time the United States acquired this area, the border included Arizona, Colorado south of the Arkansas border. Before that, the Spanish Empire held all the way through El Paso del Norte- all the way over to Arizona and included the Hopi Pueblos land. When Onate came over, he had 129 soldier colonists- left San Bartolome in Mexico in 1598. Followed Rio Grande from the El Paso crossing and by July 11 reached Oche on the east banks of the Rio Grande River- they renamed this town San Juan de los Cabeleros (?). San Gabriel founded months later- the Native Americans came into pledges of allegiance to Onate and (very likely not knowing the consequences or meanings) agreed to be baptized into the Catholic Church. Exploratory missions to find Cibola to as far as Kansas and the Colorado River and visited Zuni and Hopi pueblos. "Onate 1605 Paso Por Aqui" was scratched near present day Grants by Onate. 1670 Onate turned in his resignation, and the other settler also threatened to leave the colony. New governor was appointed and the first villa in Santa Fe named Capital City in 1608. St. Augustine was first colony settlement in the continental US border in 1556, Jamestown second in 1607, and Santa Fe the third in 1608. Española- someone who had Spanish ancestory who was born in New Spain. Indio- someone who had pure Spanish blood. Mestizo- Spanish and Mexican-Indian ancestry. Poyote- Spanish and Pueblo Indian ancestry (later was used to refer to a mixture of Spanish and other European ancestry; at time of recording, refers to the mixture of Spanish and Anglo ancestry). Mulato- Spanish and Black ancestry. Lobo- Black and Pueblo Indian ancestry. No "color" lines in early New Mexico and biracial marriages were frequent. 143 established families before the Pueblo Revolt. During 17th century, in Mexico and New Mexico. 2800 Spanish population in NM 1670. Church/State battle divided the Spaniards and mystified and disheartened the peace-loving Pueblo Indians. 1680 Pueblo Revolt is result of a century of class and culture clash between the colonists and the Native Americans present in New Mexico under Spanish control. Spanish exodus started on August 6th, 1680 as the Spanish had been massacred and some escaped down near the El Paso area. Marital investigations started in 1693- these were the basis of Father Chavez's work of origins of New Mexico families translated and indexed called "New Mexico Roots Limited"- 9 volumes at UNM. In 18th Century, Fry Chavez lists 277 distinct families as New Mexico settlers. Genealogy; MP3 Converted, undated, Box: 1. Albuquerque Bernalillo County Special Collections Library. https://nmarchives.unm.edu/repositories/9/archival_objects/536122 Accessed November 22, 2024.