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Biblioteca Nacional de Mexico, 1557–1818

 Sub-Series

Scope and Contents

Years included: 1557-1818 (majority seems to be 1680-1760)

General comments: much of this collection concerns the province of New Mexico from the time of the Pueblo Revolts in 1680 through the re-conquest in 1692 and resettlement of the province in the 1700s. It includes the expeditions and Indian campaigns at the end of the eighteenth century. There are a number of diaries of various explorers and military leaders such as the Dominguez and Escalante expedition, the Anza campaign and others. There are also several descriptions of inspections by visitadores, their reports and recommendations, and the discussion surrounding whether or not New Mexico should be part of the diocese of Durango. Another important topic was the conditions of the pueblos and missions. Relevant to that, there are several important censuses or padrones of the province, especially the one from 1750.

New Mexico - Indian relations - Pueblo Revolt 1680 uprising – Resettlement. Indian accounts of the revolt, conditions in New Mexico pueblos after the revolt. Accounts of de Vargas reconquest, deaths of missionaries, causulties. Spanish refugees, depopulation of New Mexico, people emigrating without licenses. Census of El Paso 1681 - includes lists of the soldiers and their weapons in the surrounding towns. Preparations for reconquest, conditions in El Paso. Conditions in colony after the reoccupation - resettlement, Indian resistance, repopulating certain pueblos, moving Indians from Taos to Isleta, appointment of Indian governors of Pueblos. Unconverted Indians selling Christian captives in Santa Fe. Apache attacks on Acoma, defense against Indian attacks. Repopulation of mission at Sandia Pueblo. Declarations by Indians to the governor of abuses, Indian complaints against the religious, punishment of Indians who did not obey the regulations imposed by the governor. Reforming the conditions in New Mexico, defense, appropriate punishment for rebels. Redefining policies on Indian labor, tribute, conversion. Statements by religious and soldiers identifying gentile Apaches and Pueblo Indians. Appointment of Spanish legal advisor for the Indians. Various letters discussing the fears of settlers. Missions for Apaches, Navajos. Conditions at Hopi and other places.

Other Indians – Northern provinces - some in relation to New Mexico - Schools, education of Indians. Supplies for soldiers fighting the Indians. Reports of deaths of Apaches caused either by Spanish or the French. Indian tribute, encomiendas, Indian labor, Indians working in the fields for the priests, Indians protesting being made to work or provide part of their crops for the priests. Indian hostilities - Apaches, Pimas, Sumas, Indian raids, attacks and robberies by Apaches. Suma Revolt, Pima Revolt. Documents related to the inspection of José de Utrera, Jesuit, and the insurrection of the Pima Indians, 1754. French activity among the Indians, desire of Indians for international allies. Appointment of Spanish legal advisor for the Indians. Reduction of Apaches in the mission of Rio Grande del Norte and the river and valley of San Jose. Report by Bishop Tamarón to the king about the parishes and missions of his diocese, including New Mexico. Notification of an order that forbade governors and mayors to make Indians work without pay. Reports of mistreatment of Indians and bad conduct of governors. Complaints by Indians that the Spanish took their annual crop. Reconquest of the Hopi. Study of required personal service and labor (repartimiento) of Indians. Indian death rates before and after reductions.

New Mexico - missions, religious, churches - Inventories of assets and debts of various missions of New Mexico. Responsibilities of the religious in New Mexico, including conversions of Indians, doctrine, administration of sacraments, collection of alms. Inventory of jewels and objects for worship in New Mexico churches. Trial of two priests (Francisco de la Concepción and Francisco Antonio Esquer) who caused scandals “by living outside holy obedience" in the village of Tesuque. Cedulas concerning when religious have met their obligations and could return to Spain. Descriptions of documents in the archives for the New Mexico mission and other missions in the province. Secularization of parishes. Discussion on new methods of spiritual and temporal government for the missions of internal provinces. Construction of churches. Did the religious know enough Indian languages, the need to learn Indian languages. Questions and testimony regarding how some of the religious administered the sacraments, administration, and other services. Redefining plan for Indian conversions, education, labor, defense from Apaches, Navajo, Utes, Comanches. Settling genizaros. Various reports of conditions of missions, especially in New Mexico, hardships of work, governance -administration of the missions, the number of religious with information as to age, length of service, etc. Arguments made to king as to why New Mexico should not be part of the diocese of Durango and should have a bishop in the province; questions regarding whether the bishop of Durango had jurisdiction over the province of New Mexico. Complaints that the king was not paying attention to the suffering of and threats to the settlers in New Mexico. Inventories and descriptions of the mission of the Rio Grande of the North. Report of Juan Antonio de Ornedal y Maza to viceroy Horcasitas about the conditions of the missions in New Mexico, responses to his report. Report by fray Andres Varo responding to each point of the report. Missions for the Navajos and Hopis (Moqui). Response by fray Manuel de Najerato to the viceroy opposing Bishop Tamarón’s recommendation of secularization of the missions of Santa Fe, Paso del Rio del Norte, La Cañada, and Alburquerque. Dominguez description of missions, churches of New Mexico, 1776. Diary of trip by fray Juan Agustín Morfi (1778) with descriptions, conditions in New Mexico, geography, economy, and society. Inspection (visita) of the custodia of New Mexico by inspector (visitador) Fray Juan Miguel Menchero. Records of baptisms, marriages, and burials, 1750 census (padrón) of most of the missions of New Mexico. Missionaries’ problems with interference by governors and alcaldes mayors. History of the Custodia of New Mexico. Descriptions of missions, towns, and ranches of New Mexico. Lists of missionaries. Governors’ complaints about the priests (padres). Criminals in church asylum. Expulsion of the Jesuits.

New Mexico – administration - Caravans (carros), contracts, problems with, items transported, administration of, poor condition of goods brought in by the caravans. Accusations against Guerrero that he had diverted caravans, mules, and implements to buy oil, wine, wax, and ornaments for the custodio. Encomienda established for Diego de Vargas. Mining, quicksilver, azogue. Murders and other crimes. Charges against Peñuela (governor of New Mexico) by Francisco Cuervo y Valdés, former governor. Inventory of property of Francisco Gómez de Torres (Santa Fe). State monopoly on tobacco (estanco), 1769. Expeditions, campaigns, defense - Spanish 1716 expedition to Hopi, testimony regarding missionaries’ trip to and interactions with the Hopi (Moqui); did they properly administer the sacraments. Missions for Apaches, Navajos. Expedition 1720 to Cuartelejo - Quartelejo, Villasur, French - Indian attack. Suffering of troops in the expedition to Rio de Jesus María at the hands of the French and their Indian allies, the possible culpability of Captain Antonio de Valverde Cosio, the defeat of the Spanish by the French. Cowardice and punishment of Antonio de Valverde de Cosio. Expedition of fray Silvestre Vélez de Escalante and Francisco Dominguez, reports, diaries. Descriptions of New Mexico by fray Francisco Atanasio Domínguez (1776), includes the pueblos, missions, and churches, spiritual and secular government, and censuses of the populations.

Administration of the Provincias Internas, New Mexico as part of the unit. Possibility of a road from Santa Fe, New Mexico to the port of Monterrey, California, De Anza. Distances between various places - Santa Fe, Sonora, Monterrey. Complaints against Anza. Anza campaign against the Comanches. Expeditions (entradas) to Junta de los Rios by presidio of Chihuahua. Expedition (entrada) of Jacobo Sedelmayr to Colorado and Gila Rivers. Complaints about De Anza. Instructions by the king for governor and commander general Teodoro de Croix for the Internal Provinces, including Indian policy offensive and defensive tactics in the war against the Apaches and other barbaric Indians, Utes, Comanches, Navajo. Muster rolls and censuses (muestra, padrón) (various places). Difficulties in recruiting men. Soldiers’ complaints to the viceroy about governor Felix Martinez regarding payment of salaries. Visit of Pedro de Rivera to the presidio de la Exaltación de la Cruz, regulations for the presidio to imitate the practices of San Cristobal in Havana. Establishment of new presidios, locations. Report of Hugo O’Conor to Teodoro de Croix with description of internal provinces. Instructions to field marshal Marques de Rubí from viceroy de Croix on defense of the provinces and presidios.

Texas missions, presidios, settlements - report (presented in 1761 to the viceroy the Marques de Cruillas) by Fray Pedro Serrano on the El Paso missions, includes information about the work of conversion, education of the Indians in the missions, rebuttal of the complaints against the padres, information on the sites of the missions and distances between them, rebellion of the zumas (Sumas), persecution of the religious by the governors. Secularization of parishes. Indian attacks. Defense of the Provincias Internas, presidios, towns. Discussion on new methods of spiritual and temporal government for the missions of internal provinces. Construction of churches. Did the religious know enough Indian languages, the need to learn Indian languages. Complaints of Indians about presidio captain at El Paso (Antonio de Valverde Cosio).

Places - Pueblos: Chilili, Tajique, Socorro, Amamillo, Sevilleta, Acoma, Zia, Halona, Zuni, Zuñi, Guaiquina, Aguico, Oraiui, Senecu, Xongopani, Oraibi, Picuris, San José de Cogninas, Jemez, Pecos, San Juan, San Felipe, Santa Ana, Santa Clara, San de Ildefonso, Tesuque, Cochiti,

Other places - Santa Fe, El Paso, Parral, Terrenate, Tubac, Santa Cruz, Chihuahua, Altar, Durango, San Felipe, Sonora, Corodeguachi, Presidio de la Exaltación de la Cruz (New Mexico), San Juan de los Caballeros, Cebolleta, Encinal, Tubatama (Pimería Alta, Sonora y Sinaloa), Abiquiú, Albuquerque, San Antonio, Janos, Carrizal.

People - Indigenous groups: Apaches, Farón Apaches, Jicarilla Apaches, Comanches, Tilas, Pimas, Papagos, Teguas, Navajos; Moqui (Hopi); Pecuries (Picuries), Pecos, Zuni, genizaros (jenizaros), Sumas, Utes.

Others - Fray Juan Antonio Abasolo, commissioner general; Juan de Acuña (2nd marques of Casa Fuerte), viceroy; Fernando de Alencastre, duke of Linares, viceroy; Gregorio Alvarez Tuñón y Quirós, captain of cavalry of Sonora; Fray Juan Alvarez; “El anciano de la Soledad;" Fray José de Arranegui, attorney (procurador); Francisco de Ayeta, visitador; Juan Bautista de Anza, governor of New Mexico; Fray Alonso de Benavides, custodian of New Mexico; Antonio María de Bucareli y Ursúa, viceroy; Juan Domingo de Bustamante, governer of New Mexico; José Antonio Caballero, senior Judge (oidor decano); Fray Antonio Camargo, attorney/custodian of New Mexico; Fray Jacobo de Castro, custodio; Gaspar de la Cerda Silva y Mendoza, viceroy; Tomás de la Cerda, viceroy; Joaquín Codallos y Rabal, governor of New Mexico; José Chacon Medina Salazar y Villaseñor, marques de Peñuela, governor of New Mexico; Fray Agustín de Colina; Antonio Crespo, bishop of Durango; Carlos Francisco de Croix (Marquis de Croix), viceroy; Teodoro de Croix, governor and commander general of the Internal Provinces; Francisco Cuervo y Valdes, governor and captain general of New Mexico; Francisco de la Cueva, Duke of Alburquerque; Fray Francisco Atanasio Dominguez, custodio of New Mexico; Fray Silvestre de Escalante; Juan Ignacio Flores Mogollon, governor of New Mexico; Domingo Gironza Petris de Cruzate, governor of New Mexico; Francisco Dominguez ; Fray Francisco Garcés, missionary and Explorer; Francisco de Gorráez Beamount, governor of Nueva Vizcaya; Francisco de Güemes y Horcasitas, viceroy; Fray José Antonio Guerrero, vice custodian of New Mexico; Fray Francisco Guzmán, minister of the mission of the Paso del Rio del Norte; Fray Joaquín de Hinojosa; Pedro de Leyva, interim governor of Mew Mexico; José López de Carvajal (Carbajal), governor of Nueva Vizcaya; Fray Tomas Manso, Attorney General (Procurador General) of New Mexico; Félix Martínez, acting governor of New Mexico; Juan de Medrano, governor of New Mexico; Fray Juan Miguel Menchero, attorney; Gaspar Domingo de Mendoza, governor of New Mexico; Bernardo Miera y Pacheco, cartographer and alcalde mayor; Fray Juan Agustín Morfi, missionary and historian; Fray Jacobo de Castro, inspector; Juan Muñoz de Castro; Fray Manuel de Nájerato; Fray Pedro Navarrete, comisario general; Antonio de Oca y Sarmiento, governor of Nueva Vizcaya; Hugo O’Conor; Don Juan de Oñate, visitador general; Juan Antonio de Ornedal y Maza, inspector; Tiburcio de Ortega, protector of the Indians; Antonio de Otermin, governor and captain general of New Mexico; José Pérez de Mirabal, custodio of New Mexico; Fray Juan Ramírez,, Attorney General (Procurador General) of New Mexico; Pedro Reneros Posada, governor of New Mexico; Pedro de Rivera, brigadier of New Mexico; Santiago Roybal, ecclesiatical judge of New Mexico; Pedro Rodríguez Cubero, governor of New Mexico; Jacobo Sedelmayr, Jesuit missionary in la Pimería Alta; Fray Pedro Serrano; Miguel Sevillano de Paredes; Fray Juan de Tagle, custodian of New Mexico; Pedro Tamarón y Romeral, bishop of Durango; Jacobo Ugarte y Loyola, commander general of Provincias Internas; José de Utrera, padre visitador de la Compañía de Jesús; Antonio de Valverde Cosio, captain of presidio of El Paso; Diego de Vargas, marques de la Nava de Bracinas, governor of New Mexico; Fray Andrés Varo, custodio; Fernando de Villanueva, governor of New Mexico; Baltasar de Zúñiga y Guzmán, marquis of Valero, viceroy.

Dates

  • 1557–1818

Language of Materials

From the Collection: English, Spanish, French, Mayan, Latin

Access Restrictions

The collection is open for research.

Extent

From the Collection: 23 boxes (16.5 cu. ft.), 267 volumes, 322 microfilm reels (masters in cabinets), 322 CDs

General

Detailed Finding Aid (pdf) Reels noted in this detailed finding aid have been transferred to DVDs using same item numbers as reels.

Creator

Repository Details

Part of the UNM Center for Southwest Research & Special Collections Repository

Contact:
University of New Mexico Center for Southwest Research & Special Collections
University Libraries, MSC05 3020
1 University of New Mexico
Albuquerque NM 87131
505-277-6451