Reales Cedulas: Cedulas / Duplicadas - Research, 1535-1733
File — Box: 11
Scope and Contents
From the Series:
New Spain - Indian Affairs, among the issues are Spanish tribute, encomiendas, repartimiento, relations with Indians. Protector de Indios, fighting injustice, helping Indians, slaves, Chinese, poor persons, Protector de Indios not to have any business ties with Indians he representing. Cases from New Spain, Yucatan, Campeche, San Luis Potosi, Chichimecas, Peru, Nueva Vizcaya etc. Letters of caciques about mistreatment, other Indian letters to crown testifying to conditions. Spanish encomenderos not live in pueblos of their encomiendas. Indian caciques abuse of Indians; Spanish officials and padres mistreat them; problems result in lost of their faith, difficulties in education, life, decline. Tributes, personal service, hardship for Indians, put in jail if not pay, Indians in debt slavery, discouraged; overwork their lands and animals, soil depletion, unfair prices for their goods, land, work. Spanish put cattle in Indian fields, cause loss seeds, harvests, disrupts Indians lives. Mistreatment of Indians, remedies for good treatment, 1582, injustices causes lost of Christian faith, Indians citizens, 1645, have rights of Spaniards, like Castilla, need to volunteer to work, be paid for work, not do personal service to padres, officials, examples. Regulations for tribute, Indian tribute in corn, questions of lands, ejidos. 1639 order for lighter punishment Indians and Spanish to lessen crimes. Indians mistreated in obrajes, unjust pay, women weavers. Indian women, single, unwed, not to pay tribute, 1728.Chicken as tribute, decline as food source for Indians. Indians personal services to padres in missions; examples Tacuba, Guautitlan, 1645. Conditions of Indians in Manche, Verapaz, Yucatan, salt mines 1666. Mistreatment of Indians Campeche, by missions, government officials, Indian uprising 1671. Nuevo Leon, 1672, Chichimecas, free them, not hold as slaves; if newly converted Indians pay no tribute, encomiendas for 10 years.
Anonymous report, ca. 1647-48, by a religious, Nueva Vizcaya conditions, Indians, Spanish, Negros, Mestizos, frustrations, shortages, criticism of everything, causes of Indian uprising - medicine men, witches, praise for ability of Indians, richness of land, water, problems were ineptness of Spanish officials - comparisons to conditions in New Mexico. Indians of New Spain, Peru, requinto, paying for cost of defense armada and fight against pirates, Tierra Fria, Peru, 1666. Indians selling land to Spaniards 1535, frauds. Indians have elections for own officials, without Spanish interference. Dispute Indians as alcalde tenientes in Puebla, 1544-45. Campeche dispute, no Negros serve in cabildo, as regidores. Remedies for good treatment, 1582. List of 39 regulations from 1609 - for good treatment of Indians, detailed, each area of work and life; protect Indians for their caciques and from Spanish; protection of their rights, punished those who abuse them; pay them wages; not enslaved, freedom; use Negro labor instead of Indians; provide Indians food and clothing; land, farms, homes, hospitals, time for church, fiestas, etc.
Indians citizens, 1645, have rights of Spaniards, like Castilla, need to volunteer to work, be paid for work, not do personal service to padres, officials, examples. 697 orders, equality Europeans, Indians, good treatment of Indians, caciques and their children, education for Indians in school, in Spanish, nobility for caciques, as vassals of Castilla, scholarships for sons of caciques; admit mestizos to religious orders. Protect land of Indians, which was that of their fathers, Spanish, mestizo encroachment. Example of cienega in Cholula. Schools for Indians, teaching in Spanish, especially diocese of Michoacan, 1693. Indians, mestizos, Negros, mulatos, not have knives, men or women, too many injuries, crimes with them, 1583. King’s thanks to Indians New Spain for tribute and service to crown, 1671. Indian hospitals, obligation of Spanish to care for Indians, 1583, hospitals Mexico, Vercruz. Peace with new Indians converts, 1676, give them freedom, no slavery, not sell or gift them, land for farms, neighborhoods and homes in Mexico City, so not mix with unsettled natives, good treatment of Christian Indians – Nueva Vizcaya, Nuevo Leon, Sinaloa, New Mexico – Chichimecas – nor enslave Chinese, China men. Yucatan, 1678, mistreatment women weavers, Sacauchen, stop all repartimientos, encomiendas, only pay Indians wages, rations, no credit or debt; land for Indians, live, farm, distance between Indian and Spanish lands. King’s 1686 desire and plead with Spanish officials and religious in Nueva Galicia, Nueva Vizcaya, Nuevo Leon, New Mexico, Florida, Campeche, Guadalajara, Guatemala, California, Islas Marianas, etc. to treat the Indians with love and respect, and work together for their salvation, etc. Spaniard visiting Merida, 1657, permit to bring two criados, one a Chichimeca Indian. Montezuma family, women, encomiendas, tribute, cases, 1705. Order of succession caciques, disputes.
Government Administration - Cedulas duplicadas in effect for New Spain, Yucatan, Guatemala, Philippines, Peru, etc. Among the places Yucatan, Tabasco, Nuevo Leon, and some for Peru. Administration, jobs, appointments, deaths, interims, salary, pensions, residencies. Administration, problems in Yucatan, Campeche. Church and state conflicts, Yucatan, Merida, Valladolid. Yucatan, Merida, Adelantado Montejo, property, case 1684. Tabaco, Francisco Maldonado de Tejada, case. Scandals in Campeche, adultery, Antonio Cuenta Bracamonte. Encomiendas, Viceroy Mendoza, origins, rational, 1533. Regulations for encomiendas, New Spain and some for Peru, vacant encomiendas to crown, no encomienda if have pension, etc.; encomiendas, inheritance, women and cases, rights, New Spain, Peru; encomiendas, inheritance, to third and four life, inheritance; reports, Indians in each encomienda, etc. media anata paid, consolidation lands to king, check titles of all others. Mesta regulations, ranching, harvests, detailed – many activities, 1574. Travel permits, Spanish officials, padres, other citizens. Spaniard visiting Merida, 1657, permit to bring two criados, one a Chichimeca Indian. Nuevo Leon, settlement 1625, Martin de Zavala; mining. Contract Negro slave trade, England, work on ships, shipyards, laborers, need for interpreters for them, 1662, detailed. Chinese, orders not enslave them, 1660-70s. Cards, gambling, forbidden, no women have them, 1539. Commerce, trade, contraband, mining Nuevo Leon, Palo hec, Yucatan, Campeche, 1583. Cochinilla, grana, Chichimecas, Michoacan, 1592; trading grana, cochinilla from Oaxaca, 1611. English, French contraband, 1595-56. Ecuador, Guayaquil, cacao, contraband to English, French, 1673.
Defense, war - among places, Yucatan, Campeche, Tabasco, Isla de Carmen, Isla de Mujeres. Coastal defense from English pirates, wood cutters, Encomienderos pay for cost of defense; salt tax for Campeche fortifications. Tabasco, battles with English, wood cutting, palo de tinta. English have Negro laborers; Spanish capture English and their Negros. Tabasco, town for refugee Dutch, 1642, Santa Maria de Vitoria and Villa Hermosa. Caribbean, Española, pirates 1666, criminals, captives, galley ships, Lorencillo, Agramote. Presidios, officers, troops, fortifications, arms powder, horses. Lack of funds for military honors, funerals deceased soldiers, Parral, Campeche; comparison presidio salaries Chile and Campeche. Itza and Guatemala, Martin de Urxua, opened area, road, peace with Indians, 1702 .
Missions, church - Yucatan, Campeche, Puebla - Franciscans, Dominicans, appointments, interims, conflicts between orders, religious, seculars, Spaniards, criollos; church and state conflicts Yucatan, Puebla. Spanish not to interfere in missions, nor go to Indians villages, let Indians learn from padres, no idolatry permitted – conditions in Yucatan, Panuco, Chichimecas; mistreatment of Indians interfers in work. Missions, conquest, in Campeche, difficulties of padres, 1764, interpreters, working in the mountains, etc. Tacuba, Indians idols, caciques vs. padres, Tlazala, 1682. Conditions in Havana, Cuba, 1687, church had so much money, many lands and buildings, and workers, from diezmos, donations, inheritance, etc. that rest of haciendas and people were in poverty, falling into ruin from lack of workers, funds; poverty of those with haciendas, mayorazgos. Indian cofradias, but not allow Indians to head them. Schools for Indians, teaching in Spanish, especially diocese of Michoacan, 1693.
New Mexico - Juan de Oñate, contract with crown, instruction for new settlement of New Mexico, includes treatment of Indians, Spanish colonists and descendants to be hidalgos like Castilla. Case against Juan de Oñate, 1605-1613, Francisco de Leoz, Oñate service in New Mexico. Gov. Juan de Eulate, taking New Mexico Indians as slaves, not paying for carts, case of 1626-27. Call for a report on missions, conversions, Indians of New Mexico, 1636. Tyranny of governors of New Mexico, mistreat Indians and Spanish, Suarez Repot, 1647. Anonymous report, ca. 1647-48, by a religious, Nueva Vizcaya conditions, Indians, Spanish, Negros, Mestizos, frustrations, shortages, criticism of everything, causes of Indian uprising - medicine men, witches; praise for ability of Indians, richness of land, water, problems were ineptness of Spanish officials; comparison to conditions in New Mexico. Shipments, caravans, piñon, hides, mantas. Church and state conflicts, New Mexico, 1668, Santa Fe cabildo, complains about religious, marriages, sacraments. Conditions and problems in New Mexico - 1600s, notes from Scholes - Juan Manso, caravans, Parral. Juan Cano, assayer, guns and troops for presidio; soldiers who fled New Mexico. Claims of Mrs. Rosas, widow of Gov. Rosas; Santa Fe. Administrations of Gov. Juan de Miranda, Gov. Francisco Treviño, Gov. Antonio Otermin, 1675. Land grants to New Mexico settlers, instructions on length of time to stay on land to claim it, etc. – details. Chichimecas in New Mexico, 1676, no slavery, selling or giving or women, children, freedom, homes, lands for them. New Mexico, 1687-88, El Paso, post revolt, conditions, officials, families, refugees, shortages, no medicine, re arming troops, re supplied from other provinces, Gov. Cruzate entrada, Juan Dominguez de Mendoza, Diego Lucero de Godoy families. New Mexico 1699, Gov. Cubero, care of Indians, etc.
Anonymous report, ca. 1647-48, by a religious, Nueva Vizcaya conditions, Indians, Spanish, Negros, Mestizos, frustrations, shortages, criticism of everything, causes of Indian uprising - medicine men, witches, praise for ability of Indians, richness of land, water, problems were ineptness of Spanish officials - comparisons to conditions in New Mexico. Indians of New Spain, Peru, requinto, paying for cost of defense armada and fight against pirates, Tierra Fria, Peru, 1666. Indians selling land to Spaniards 1535, frauds. Indians have elections for own officials, without Spanish interference. Dispute Indians as alcalde tenientes in Puebla, 1544-45. Campeche dispute, no Negros serve in cabildo, as regidores. Remedies for good treatment, 1582. List of 39 regulations from 1609 - for good treatment of Indians, detailed, each area of work and life; protect Indians for their caciques and from Spanish; protection of their rights, punished those who abuse them; pay them wages; not enslaved, freedom; use Negro labor instead of Indians; provide Indians food and clothing; land, farms, homes, hospitals, time for church, fiestas, etc.
Indians citizens, 1645, have rights of Spaniards, like Castilla, need to volunteer to work, be paid for work, not do personal service to padres, officials, examples. 697 orders, equality Europeans, Indians, good treatment of Indians, caciques and their children, education for Indians in school, in Spanish, nobility for caciques, as vassals of Castilla, scholarships for sons of caciques; admit mestizos to religious orders. Protect land of Indians, which was that of their fathers, Spanish, mestizo encroachment. Example of cienega in Cholula. Schools for Indians, teaching in Spanish, especially diocese of Michoacan, 1693. Indians, mestizos, Negros, mulatos, not have knives, men or women, too many injuries, crimes with them, 1583. King’s thanks to Indians New Spain for tribute and service to crown, 1671. Indian hospitals, obligation of Spanish to care for Indians, 1583, hospitals Mexico, Vercruz. Peace with new Indians converts, 1676, give them freedom, no slavery, not sell or gift them, land for farms, neighborhoods and homes in Mexico City, so not mix with unsettled natives, good treatment of Christian Indians – Nueva Vizcaya, Nuevo Leon, Sinaloa, New Mexico – Chichimecas – nor enslave Chinese, China men. Yucatan, 1678, mistreatment women weavers, Sacauchen, stop all repartimientos, encomiendas, only pay Indians wages, rations, no credit or debt; land for Indians, live, farm, distance between Indian and Spanish lands. King’s 1686 desire and plead with Spanish officials and religious in Nueva Galicia, Nueva Vizcaya, Nuevo Leon, New Mexico, Florida, Campeche, Guadalajara, Guatemala, California, Islas Marianas, etc. to treat the Indians with love and respect, and work together for their salvation, etc. Spaniard visiting Merida, 1657, permit to bring two criados, one a Chichimeca Indian. Montezuma family, women, encomiendas, tribute, cases, 1705. Order of succession caciques, disputes.
Government Administration - Cedulas duplicadas in effect for New Spain, Yucatan, Guatemala, Philippines, Peru, etc. Among the places Yucatan, Tabasco, Nuevo Leon, and some for Peru. Administration, jobs, appointments, deaths, interims, salary, pensions, residencies. Administration, problems in Yucatan, Campeche. Church and state conflicts, Yucatan, Merida, Valladolid. Yucatan, Merida, Adelantado Montejo, property, case 1684. Tabaco, Francisco Maldonado de Tejada, case. Scandals in Campeche, adultery, Antonio Cuenta Bracamonte. Encomiendas, Viceroy Mendoza, origins, rational, 1533. Regulations for encomiendas, New Spain and some for Peru, vacant encomiendas to crown, no encomienda if have pension, etc.; encomiendas, inheritance, women and cases, rights, New Spain, Peru; encomiendas, inheritance, to third and four life, inheritance; reports, Indians in each encomienda, etc. media anata paid, consolidation lands to king, check titles of all others. Mesta regulations, ranching, harvests, detailed – many activities, 1574. Travel permits, Spanish officials, padres, other citizens. Spaniard visiting Merida, 1657, permit to bring two criados, one a Chichimeca Indian. Nuevo Leon, settlement 1625, Martin de Zavala; mining. Contract Negro slave trade, England, work on ships, shipyards, laborers, need for interpreters for them, 1662, detailed. Chinese, orders not enslave them, 1660-70s. Cards, gambling, forbidden, no women have them, 1539. Commerce, trade, contraband, mining Nuevo Leon, Palo hec, Yucatan, Campeche, 1583. Cochinilla, grana, Chichimecas, Michoacan, 1592; trading grana, cochinilla from Oaxaca, 1611. English, French contraband, 1595-56. Ecuador, Guayaquil, cacao, contraband to English, French, 1673.
Defense, war - among places, Yucatan, Campeche, Tabasco, Isla de Carmen, Isla de Mujeres. Coastal defense from English pirates, wood cutters, Encomienderos pay for cost of defense; salt tax for Campeche fortifications. Tabasco, battles with English, wood cutting, palo de tinta. English have Negro laborers; Spanish capture English and their Negros. Tabasco, town for refugee Dutch, 1642, Santa Maria de Vitoria and Villa Hermosa. Caribbean, Española, pirates 1666, criminals, captives, galley ships, Lorencillo, Agramote. Presidios, officers, troops, fortifications, arms powder, horses. Lack of funds for military honors, funerals deceased soldiers, Parral, Campeche; comparison presidio salaries Chile and Campeche. Itza and Guatemala, Martin de Urxua, opened area, road, peace with Indians, 1702 .
Missions, church - Yucatan, Campeche, Puebla - Franciscans, Dominicans, appointments, interims, conflicts between orders, religious, seculars, Spaniards, criollos; church and state conflicts Yucatan, Puebla. Spanish not to interfere in missions, nor go to Indians villages, let Indians learn from padres, no idolatry permitted – conditions in Yucatan, Panuco, Chichimecas; mistreatment of Indians interfers in work. Missions, conquest, in Campeche, difficulties of padres, 1764, interpreters, working in the mountains, etc. Tacuba, Indians idols, caciques vs. padres, Tlazala, 1682. Conditions in Havana, Cuba, 1687, church had so much money, many lands and buildings, and workers, from diezmos, donations, inheritance, etc. that rest of haciendas and people were in poverty, falling into ruin from lack of workers, funds; poverty of those with haciendas, mayorazgos. Indian cofradias, but not allow Indians to head them. Schools for Indians, teaching in Spanish, especially diocese of Michoacan, 1693.
New Mexico - Juan de Oñate, contract with crown, instruction for new settlement of New Mexico, includes treatment of Indians, Spanish colonists and descendants to be hidalgos like Castilla. Case against Juan de Oñate, 1605-1613, Francisco de Leoz, Oñate service in New Mexico. Gov. Juan de Eulate, taking New Mexico Indians as slaves, not paying for carts, case of 1626-27. Call for a report on missions, conversions, Indians of New Mexico, 1636. Tyranny of governors of New Mexico, mistreat Indians and Spanish, Suarez Repot, 1647. Anonymous report, ca. 1647-48, by a religious, Nueva Vizcaya conditions, Indians, Spanish, Negros, Mestizos, frustrations, shortages, criticism of everything, causes of Indian uprising - medicine men, witches; praise for ability of Indians, richness of land, water, problems were ineptness of Spanish officials; comparison to conditions in New Mexico. Shipments, caravans, piñon, hides, mantas. Church and state conflicts, New Mexico, 1668, Santa Fe cabildo, complains about religious, marriages, sacraments. Conditions and problems in New Mexico - 1600s, notes from Scholes - Juan Manso, caravans, Parral. Juan Cano, assayer, guns and troops for presidio; soldiers who fled New Mexico. Claims of Mrs. Rosas, widow of Gov. Rosas; Santa Fe. Administrations of Gov. Juan de Miranda, Gov. Francisco Treviño, Gov. Antonio Otermin, 1675. Land grants to New Mexico settlers, instructions on length of time to stay on land to claim it, etc. – details. Chichimecas in New Mexico, 1676, no slavery, selling or giving or women, children, freedom, homes, lands for them. New Mexico, 1687-88, El Paso, post revolt, conditions, officials, families, refugees, shortages, no medicine, re arming troops, re supplied from other provinces, Gov. Cruzate entrada, Juan Dominguez de Mendoza, Diego Lucero de Godoy families. New Mexico 1699, Gov. Cubero, care of Indians, etc.
Dates
- 1535-1733
Language of Materials
From the Collection:
English, Spanish, French, Mayan, Latin
Access Restrictions
The collection is open for research.
Extent
From the Collection: 23 boxes (16.5 cu. ft.), 267 volumes, 322 microfilm reels (masters in cabinets), 322 CDs
Creator
- From the Collection: Bloom, Lansing Bartlett, 1880- (Person)
Repository Details
Part of the UNM Center for Southwest Research & Special Collections Repository
Contact:
University of New Mexico Center for Southwest Research & Special Collections
University Libraries, MSC05 3020
1 University of New Mexico
Albuquerque NM 87131
505-277-6451
cswrref@unm.edu
University of New Mexico Center for Southwest Research & Special Collections
University Libraries, MSC05 3020
1 University of New Mexico
Albuquerque NM 87131
505-277-6451
cswrref@unm.edu